Immune cells show long-term memory

By Tina Hesman Saey

Web edition : Sunday, August 17th, 2008

Almost a century after exposure to the 1918 Spanish flu, survivors’ white blood cells still recognize the virus

Even after 90 years, the immune system doesn’t forget the face of a mass-murderer. A new study shows that survivors of the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic still have immune cells that remember the culprit virus.

Such long-lived immunity was thought to be impossible without periodic exposure to the microbe that stimulated the immune system in the first place. But a study published in advance online August 17 and slated for an upcoming issue of Nature reveals that immunity to a virus can last nearly a century.

“This is a really extraordinary finding,” says Peter Palese, a virologist at Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York City who was not involved in the study. “It’s like immunological archaeology.”

Previous research showed that elderly people have antibodies that can recognize the 1918 flu virus, but that those antibodies usually also latch on to more recent viruses of the same subtype as the Spanish flu. The new study demonstrates that the immune system retains a specific memory only for the 1918 virus, which killed more than 20 million people worldwide.

Researchers led by viral immunologist James Crowe of Vanderbilt Medical Center in Nashville, Tenn., found a type of immune memory cell called B cells in the blood of elderly people who had lived through the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic. B cells are white blood cells that make antibodies against specific features of the proteins of an invading microbe.

In the pandemic survivors, about one in every 4.6 million B cells made antibodies that attack the 1918 virus but don’t latch on to more recent flu viruses that resemble the Spanish flu. That results offer evidence that the immune system remembers a virus for decades without being stimulated by reexposure, Palese says.

Although the 1918 pandemic was particularly virulent, the new study suggests the immune system can probably sustain a lifetime’s worth of defense against less deadly diseases as well, Palese says. And good vaccines should produce similar longevity in the immune response, possibly eliminating the need for frequent booster shots, he says.

Antibodies produced by the pandemic survivors are some of the most potent antibodies ever described, says Crowe. Mice given the antibodies and also infected with the 1918 virus survived.

“This is entirely counter to everyone’s intuition — that elderly people would have such potent antibodies,” Crowe says. Aging typically reduces a person’s ability to build antibodies and develop immunity to diseases, so it was a surprise to find that the elderly survivors of the Spanish flu could still mount such a vigorous defense against the virus.

Should the 1918 virus reappear, antibodies from the survivors might be used as a therapy to treat infected people, Crowe suggests. He and his colleagues produce the antibodies from cell cultures of the survivors’ B cells to prevent the need to keep drawing blood from the survivors.

Source

Cancer/Viruses/Immunity

Researchers have found that mice with a tumor treated with a viral cancer killer not only have the tumor cured but months later when injected with another tumor have the ability to fight off the tumor themselves - their immune system does so on its own, without any need for more virus cancer tumor killer.

Cancer Vaccine

The procedure used in this study triggered an immune response to cancer cells, which means that it could be used as a cancer vaccine to prevent recurrence.

"We show that if you kill tumor cells directly in the tumor itself, you can get a weak immunity against the tumor, but if you use this virus to kill tumor cells in the lymph nodes, you get a higher immunity against the tumor," Dr. Vile says.
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Makes me wonder if that same learning experience by the immune system would be in play with a viricide treatment for any particular virus such as those under development by Nanoviricides who have viricides which can kill viruses. Perhaps when a flu virus of a particular kind is killed by the viricide the immune system is trained, somehow, to fight off any future viral infection of that particular flu bug without the need for more viricide itself - in effect a vaccine is created in the first instance of treatment.

It is thus envisioned that a vaccine could be created in a healthy person by first giving them the viral infection - then treating it with the viricide, killing it off and thereby providing a long lasting immunity - a vaccination, in effect.

Refs:
John Bell
The promise of viral therapies
Scientists use virus to wipe out cancer cells