Showing posts with label viruses. Show all posts
Showing posts with label viruses. Show all posts

Tuesday, November 2, 2010

A cure for the common cold may finally be achieved as a result of a remarkable discovery in a Cambridge laboratory - TRIM21

By Steve Connor, Science Editor

Tuesday, 2 November 2010

Virus (purple) circulating in the bloodstream recognised by antibodies (yellow) of the immune system

Virus (purple) circulating in the bloodstream recognised by antibodies (yellow) of the immune system

In a dramatic breakthrough that could affect millions of lives, scientists have been able to show for the first time that the body's immune defences can destroy the common cold virus after it has actually invaded the inner sanctum of a human cell, a feat that was believed until now to be impossible.

The discovery opens the door to the development of a new class of antiviral drugs that work by enhancing this natural virus-killing machinery of the cell. Scientists believe the first clinical trials of new drugs based on the findings could begin within two to five years.

The researchers said that many other viruses responsible for a range of diseases could also be targeted by the new approach. They include the norovirus, which causes winter vomiting, and rotavirus, which results in severe diarrhoea and kills thousands of children in developing countries.

Viruses are still mankind's biggest killers, responsible for twice as many deaths as cancer, essentially because they can get inside cells where they can hide away from the body's immune defences and the powerful antibiotic drugs that have proved invaluable against bacterial infections.

However, a study by a team of researchers from the world-famous Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge has shown that this textbook explanation of the limits of the human immune system is wrong because anti-viral antibodies can in fact enter the cell with the invading virus where they are able to trigger the rapid destruction of the foreign invader.

"In any immunology textbook you will read that once a virus makes it into a cell, that is game over because the cell is now infected. At that point there is nothing the immune response can do other than kill that cell," said Leo James, who led the research team.

But studies at the Medical Research Council's laboratory have found that the antibodies produced by the immune system, which recognise and attack invading viruses, actually ride piggyback into the inside of a cell with the invading virus.

Once inside the cell, the presence of the antibody is recognised by a naturally occurring protein in the cell called TRIM21 which in turn activates a powerful virus-crushing machinery that can eliminate the virus within two hours – long before it has the chance to hijack the cell to start making its own viral proteins. "This is the last opportunity a cell gets because after that it gets infected and there is nothing else the body can do but kill the cell," Dr James said.

"The antibody is attached to the virus and when the virus gets sucked inside the cell, the antibody stays attached, there is nothing in that process to make the antibody to fall off.

"The great thing about it is that there shouldn't be anything attached to antibodies in the cell, so that anything that is attached to the antibody is recognised as foreign and destroyed."

In the past, it was thought that the antibodies of the immune system worked entirely outside the cells, in the blood and other extra-cellular fluids of the body. Now scientists realise that there is another layer of defence inside the cells where it might be possible to enhance the natural anti-virus machinery of the body.

"The beauty of it is that for every infection event, for every time a virus enters a cell, it is also an opportunity for the antibody in the cells to take the virus out," Dr James said.

"That is the key concept that is different from how we think about immunity. At the moment we think of professional immune cells such as T-cells [white blood cells] that patrol the body and if they find anything they kill it.

"This system is more like an ambush because the virus has to go into the cell at some point and every time they do this, this immune mechanism has a chance of taking it out," he explained.

"It's certainly a very fast process. We've shown that once it enters the cell it gets degraded within an hour or two hours, that's very fast," he added.

The study, published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, involved human cells cultured in the laboratory and will need to be replicated by further research on animals before the first clinical trials with humans.

One possibility is that the protein TRIM21 could be used in a nasal spray to combat the many types of viruses that cause the common cold. "The kind of viruses that are susceptible to this are the rhinoviruses, which cause the common cold, noravirus, which causes winter vomiting, rotavirus, which cause gastroenteritis. In this country these are the kind of viruses that people are most likely to be exposed to," Dr James said.

"This is a way of boosting all the antibodies you'd be naturally making against the virus. The advantage is that you can use that one drug against potentially lots of viral infections."

"We can think of administering these drugs as nasal sprays and inhalers rather than taking pills... It could lead to an effective treatment for the common cold," he said. "The beauty of this system is that you give the virus no chance to make its own proteins to fight back. It is a way for the cell to get rid of the virus and stay alive itself."

Sir Greg Winter, deputy director of the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, said: "Antibodies are formidable molecular war machines; it now appears that they can continue to attack viruses within cells. This research is not only a leap in our understanding of how and where antibodies work, but more generally in our understanding of immunity and infection."

How the virus is tackled

[See 8 slides: http://is.gd/gD80s ]

* 1 Virus (purple) circulating in the bloodstream recognised by antibodies (yellow) of the immune system

* 2 Virus attaches to outer cell membrane with antibodies still attached

* 3 Virus invades the cell membrane and emerges inside the cell

* 4 Remains of cell membrane disappear and the virus is free to hijack the cell

* 5 TRIM21 protein (blue) recognises attached antibodies as foreign material

* 6 Powerful virus-destroying machines (cylinders) attracted to virus by TRIM21

* 7 Virus rapidly broken down and disabled within hours

Source

FULL PNAS ARTICLELink

Tuesday, July 21, 2009

New way to kill cancer found using body's immune system/lysosomal bursting

July 21st, 2009

[Perhaps this lysosomal bursting finding could be applied to killing viruses?]

(PhysOrg.com) -- Scientists have discovered a new way of killing cancer cells in a breakthrough that could eventually lead to new treatments for a range of different cancers.

Researchers at The University of Manchester, working with colleagues at the University of Southampton, investigated how antibody treatments make cancer cells kill themselves and found a previously undiscovered mechanism that could, in future, be even more effective in causing their death.

When antibodies bind to cells, including cancer cells, they can ‘flag’ those targets for destruction by the body’s immune system but this latest study has shown that antibodies can kill cancer cells directly. When the antibody binds, it causes lysosomes - small acid-containing sacs - inside the cell to swell and burst, rapidly releasing their toxic contents with fatal results for the cancer cell.

The study, published in the Journal of Clinical Investigation , offers hope of more alternative approaches to killing cancer cells that may have become resistant to the traditional chemotherapy treatments.

”A number of antibody treatments for cancer have been developed over the last decade and some of them are a huge step forward in treatment,” said Professor Tim Illidge, in Manchester’s School of Cancer and Imaging Sciences at the Paterson Institute for Cancer Research.

“Our research focused on several antibodies that bind to a molecule found on many leukaemia and lymphoma cells called CD20. Until now scientists did not understand exactly how these antibodies work as treatments for these blood cancers but our research not only identifies how they kill the cancer cells but also provides exciting insights into how other antibodies that use this mechanism might be developed.”

Dr Mark Cragg, from the University of Southampton, added: “Our findings are significant and open up the possibility of applying the knowledge of how antibodies can be developed to trigger cell death and may enable us to design treatments for other cancers.”

http://www.physorg.com/news167408029.html

Ref:
http://jem.rupress.org/cgi/reprint/117/6/879.pdf

Sunday, December 7, 2008

Virus hunter looks to make more medical breakthroughs at UCSF

Joe DeRisi and his "ViroChip" will be vital components of a new center for viral diagnosis and discovery at UC San Francisco.

Joe DeRisi sometimes pays a peculiar price for fame.

The man who invented the virus-seeking "ViroChip," who helped identify the cause of SARS and who won a MacArthur "genius" award in pursuit of the secrets of infection has become a magnet for medical mysteries.

Every month or so, someone gets past security, up the gleaming stairways of UC San Francisco's Genetech Hall, and into DeRisi's lab with the same distraught demand: Test me.

DeRisi gently sends them away. He runs a research lab, not a clinic.

It has been harder, however, for DeRisi to sift through the barrage of fascinating calls and e-mails from doctors, veterinarians, hospitals and other researchers.

"We get requests for (testing) cancers all the time … any type of cancer you could imagine" that might be caused by a virus, DeRisi said. "It's been a little disappointing that we haven't been able to do more."

That could change early next year, when UCSF launches a center for viral diagnosis and discovery. Its ambition is to hunt down more causes of pneumonia, encephalitis and other lethal and disabling conditions whose origins too often baffle doctors, even as their patients are slipping away.

"Our plan is: Make it open to everybody," from doctors with a single troubling case to large research efforts such as the state-run California Enchephalitis Project, said Dr. Charles Chiu, an infectious disease specialist who'll head the center.

DeRisi will be an adviser, and his ViroChip, a microarray that holds genetic snippets of thousands of viruses on one glass slide, will be one of the key sleuthing tools.

The center is just the latest spinoff of a passion for pathogens that has taken DeRisi from a childhood in Carmichael to scientific renown.

"I'm really interested in pathogens that make other things ill," he said. "This ongoing battle between host and invader … including different countermeasures, counter-countermeasures, evasive tactics, stealth systems. It's amazing."

He was speaking last week in an office cluttered with stacks of scientific journals, a tangle of computers and a martial arts punching bag.

The conversation ricocheted from calligraphy to computer programming, from Del Campo High School – "a great public school education" – to his childhood paper route – "a rip-off job."

Those were only detours from his career's two main research tracks: malaria and the army of viruses that attack people, parrots or bees.

"Joe has a very high-energy personality. This guy is on 30,000 volts all the time," said Dr. Don Ganem, a UCSF professor of medicine and microbiology who has collaborated with DeRisi on several virus hunts.

"He's a phenomenal intellect …" Ganem said, "in a league with only a few other people in the world, many of whom have already won the Nobel Prize."

Oh, and DeRisi is not yet 40.

Slight and curly-haired, DeRisi has a cell phone packed with photos of his 5-month-old and 3-year-old daughters and fond memories of the tandem mountain bike he and his wife have mostly abandoned in favor of parenthood.

He grew up water-skiing on Folsom Lake, dabbling in school science experiments, commercial art and computers. In the sixth grade, he started to program, for fun.

He fled the Sacramento Valley heat to attend UC Santa Cruz and Stanford, where he immersed himself in jujitsu and biochemistry and began his fascination with malaria.

"It is not a disease of the first world," DeRisi said of the mosquito-borne parasite estimated to kill 1 million or more people each year. "It is not a disease in which there's large corporate interests. There's no profit to be made. … It wasn't really getting the kind of attention that it deserved."

As a doctoral student, he'd been working on tracking activity of thousands of genes at a time. He later trained that tool on malaria, publishing a landmark analysis of its genetic activity during its proliferation in the human bloodstream.

Since then, DeRisi has collaborated with others looking for weak links in the parasite's basic biology, anything that a new drug might be able to attack or exploit. If one potential treatment lives up to its early promise, it could be a couple of years away from testing in humans.

While immersed in malaria, DeRisi also has written software, built robots and created devices that have made possible broader virus testing, including his 2003 detection of the virus responsible for severe acute respiratory syndrome, or SARS. Often, he posts methods and findings on his Web site or publishes in open-access journals that don't demand costly subscription fees.

"He's incredibly generous," said Chiu, "a very big fan of open-source publishing, making scientific data available to researchers everywhere."

Chiu hopes the same spirit of openness will be a key part of the viral discovery and diagnosis center that will rely on DeRisi's ViroChip, and other detective techniques, to hunt new causes of age-old ills.

"About 20 to 30 percent of the time we can't make a diagnosis in pneumonia," said Chiu. "The situation is even worse for other severe diseases like encephalitis," an inflammation of the brain whose cause is unknown in more than 60 percent of cases.

Those mysteries are "unbelievably frustrating to the family, the patients … the physicians," said Dr. Carol Glaser, who is involved in a government-funded effort to detect more causes of encephalitis.

"If you don't know what causes it, how can you figure out how to treat it or prevent it?" she said.

Eliminating a wide range of possible causes can protect a desperately ill person from undergoing risky diagnostic tests or taking unneeded drugs.

Once the new center is up and running, perhaps in February or March, Chiu expects to hear from more doctors struggling to understand unusual cases, the ones where patients keeps getting sicker and all the standard diagnostic tests come back negative.

Still, said DeRisi, "We don't want members of the public sending us weird stuff. We want them to go to their doctor and have the doctor send us stuff. "


Call The Bee's Carrie Peyton Dahlberg, (916) 321-1086.

Source

Tuesday, October 28, 2008

Killing Cancer Cells Using Cobalt Nanoparticles Coated with Graphitic Shells

A team of scientists at Arkansas Nanotechnology Center at UALR (the University of Arkansas at Little Rock) has developed what promises to be a non-invasive method of eradicating cancer cells while reducing the life-threatening side effects of chemotherapy and radiation.

The new technique, described in the current issue of the journal Nanotechnology, was developed by a team led by Dr. Alexandru Biris, assistant professor of applied science and chief scientist at the Nanotechnology Center. Working in collaboration with the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, the team successfully killed more than 98 percent of the cervical cancer cells used in the study.

The technique introduces nano-sized cobalt particles encased in graphitic carbon layers inside the cells and thermally activates them by using radio frequency radiation. By applying low radio frequency radiation – used in some electronic or electromagnetic devices – the magnetic portion in the nanoparticles heats up the cancerous cells, destroying them.

The procedure promises a non-invasive method of eradicating cancer cells while reducing the life-threatening side effects of chemotherapy and radiation.

The technique is described in their new research paper, Cobalt Nanoparticles Coated with Graphitic Shells as Localized Radio Frequency Absorbers for Cancer Therapy.

"We have demonstrated that using a combination of a low frequency, low power radio frequency radiation – which has a high penetration ability in human tissue – with graphitic-magnetic composite nanoparticles could prove an excellent means of raising the temperature at the cellular level above the threshold required for DNA fragmentation or protein denaturation,” Biris said. “The result is death of the cells. This technique is less invasive and possesses higher efficiency for targeting localized cells. It also has the potential to reduce the side effects associated with traditional cancer therapies.”

With approved research protocols, UAMS scientists are expanding on previous work involving use of nanostructural materials for killing tumors with lasers. Using this method, the nanomaterials are introduced through the bloodstream to be activated with radio frequency energy once they are in the tumors.

“We believe this method is extremely promising for killing cancer cells,” said Dr. Vladmir Zharov, professor and director of the Phillips Classic Laser Laboratories in the UAMS Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute. “We are working now to move this technology toward clinical trials with the ultimate goal of achieving a safe, effective procedure that leaves a patient cancer free.”

Biris, a native of Romania who earned a Ph.D. in applied science at UALR in 2004, said the delivery of the encased nanoparticle to tumors will also be explored by binding them to cancer-specific antibodies.

By using antibodies or other nanoparticle bioconjugations – the coupling of two substances – the nanoparticles are expected to find the cancer cells even in advanced cases, including places that before now have been considered inoperable. The nanoparticles can also find undiagnosed micrometastasis, or the spread of cancer cells from the primary site with the secondary tumors too small to be detected clinically.

“This research has extended the understanding of the mechanisms that are responsible for effective nanoparticle targeting and eventually the death of cancer cells,” Zharov said.

The team’s work is helping to explain the mechanism that is responsible for the death of the cells by figuring out the localized thermal damages such as protein denaturation and DNA fragmentation associated with the process. The finding can be applied to bacteria, viruses, or other biological systems.

Members of the research team working with Biris are:

* Yang Xu, Meena Mahmood, Zhongrui Li, and Enkeleda Dervishi, Nawab Ail, and Viney Saini, all of all of the Nanotechnology Center and Department of Applied Science at UALR.
* Vladimir P. Zharov’ group: Ekaterina Galanzha and Evgeny Shashkov, the Philips Classic Laser Laboratories at UAMS.
* Steve Trigwell of ASRC Aerospace, NASA’s Electrostatic and Surface Physics Laboratory at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.
* Alexandru R. Biris and Dan Lupu of the National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Cluj Napoca, Romania.
* Dorin Boldor of Louisiana State University’s AgCenter, Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department in Baton Rouge, LA.

To read Biris’ paper, visit http://www.iop.org/EJ/journal/Nano.

Posted October 28th, 2008

Source

Cobalt nanoparticles coated with graphitic shells as localized radio frequency absorbers for cancer therapy

Yang Xu et al 2008 Nanotechnology 19 435102 (9pp) doi: 10.1088/0957-4484/19/43/435102 Help


PDF (1.18 MB) | Supplementary data | References


Yang Xu1, Meena Mahmood1, Zhongrui Li1, Enkeleda Dervishi1, Steve Trigwell2, Vladimir P Zharov3, Nawab Ali1, Viney Saini1, Alexandru R Biris4, Dan Lupu4, Dorin Boldor5 and Alexandru S Biris1
1 Nanotechnology Center and Applied Science Department, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, AR 72204, USA
2 NASA, Electrostatics and Surface Physics Laboratory, ASRC Aerospace, Kennedy Space Center, FL 32899, USA
3 Philips Classic Laser Laboratories, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72204, USA
4 National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Cluj Napoca, RO-3400, Romania
5 Louisiana State University, AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
E-mail: yxxu@ualr.edu and asbiris@ualr.edu

Abstract. Graphitic carbon-coated ferromagnetic cobalt nanoparticles (C–Co-NPs) with diameters of around 7 nm and cubic crystalline structures were synthesized by catalytic chemical vapor deposition. X-ray diffraction and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis indicated that the cobalt nanoparticles inside the carbon shells were preserved in the metallic state. Fluorescence microscopy images and Raman spectroscopy revealed effective penetrations of the C–Co-NPs through the cellular plasma membrane of the cultured HeLa cells, both inside the cytoplasm and in the nucleus. Low radio frequency (RF) radiation of 350 kHz induced localized heat into the metallic nanoparticles, which triggered the killing of the cells, a process that was found to be dependent on the RF application time and nanoparticle concentration. When compared to carbon nanostructures such as single-wall carbon nanotubes, these coated magnetic cobalt nanoparticles demonstrated higher specificity for RF absorption and heating. DNA gel electrophoresis assays of the HeLa cells after the RF treatment showed a strong broadening of the DNA fragmentation spectrum, which further proved the intense localized thermally induced damages such as DNA and nucleus membrane disintegration, under RF exposure in the presence of C–Co-NPs. The data presented in this report indicate a great potential of this new process for in vivo tumor thermal ablation, bacteria killing, and various other biomedical applications.

Print publication: Issue 43 (22 October 2008)
Received 17 July 2008, in final form 25 August 2008
Published 22 September 2008

Source

Saturday, June 21, 2008

Can this man cure cancer? And viral infection? And arterial plaques?

By MATT CLARK (Contact)

Video

He’d been diagnosed with a rare form of B-cell leukemia in 2002, and he’d endured months of chemotherapy.

But still the cancer persisted. As he tells it: “I go into a partial remission or whatever. In another six or eight months, it’s back again. So, I go back into some more chemotherapy.”

Then one late night in 2003, unable to sleep and energized with an idea, the chemo-battered Kanzius began to tear apart the couple’s vacation home on Sanibel Island.

“Of course, I couldn’t say at that point that I’m working on a cancer treatment.” The 64-year-old Kanzius (it’s pronounced like the state) remembers thinking about the parts he’d need. And how he’d explain all this to his wife, Marianne.

“She would have found the nearest psychiatrist and said, ‘After chemotherapy tomorrow, I’ve got another appointment for you,’” he says. “So she would say, ‘What are you doing?’ And I would just tell her that I was working on some stuff for amateur radio.”

Kanzius’ goal was to focus a large number of low-frequency radio waves into a small area. The idea was to heat metal, and in turn kill cancer cells. The same thing that happens when metal is placed in a microwave oven, which uses frequencies a million times more powerful to vibrate molecules and generate heat. The metal heats up. Way up.

Get the metal into cancer cells, Kanzius reasoned, and the cells would be destroyed without harming healthy cells in the body.

He has no medical background, not even a college degree. Still, Kanzius was determined to develop a new cancer treatment, and he used his background in electronics — specifically radio frequency transmitters — to move forward.

At 22, Kanzius worked at RCA as a technical assistant. He remembers the time when the company couldn’t solve a problem with its color television transmitters, which had put RCA at odds with Federal Communications Commission specifications and some of its customers.

“I was able to do in one day what they couldn’t do in two years with all of their Ph.D.’s, and it got me well-recognized,” Kanzius says proudly. “I was able to fix that with a 50-cent part, in like an hour.

Later, Kanzius co-owned and operated a broadcasting company in Erie, Pa., where he still lives part of the year. And he still puttered at home with his radios.

Back in Erie, Kanzius had all the requisite parts. But on the island, he had to get creative. The key ingredient turned out to be heavy-duty pie plates he found rummaging in the kitchen. His wife of 44 years would later search out the radio parts he needed.

“John is often up in the middle of the night,” she says of the early morning her husband was pulling out pie plates. “That night, he was like a man possessed. He was making an awful lot of noise and racket.

“I asked him to go back to sleep and he said, ‘I have to think about this, I can’t sleep.’ He had chemotherapy in the morning, so I was concerned.”

That second round of chemo had made Kanzius so weak he was even unable to board a plane for the funeral of his mother, who died at 83 of lung cancer in late 2003.

But he pressed on.

Soon, Kanzius’ makeshift laboratory in the garage of his Sanibel Island home took shape. Soon, he’d be injecting pieces of metal into hot dogs and liver. The machine’s waves successful heated the metal embeded in the meat. The idea of a new cancer-fighting treatment was coming together.

Soon after Kanzius acquired patents for his work, the machine was featured in a newspaper article in the Erie Times-News. That got the attention of Dr. David Geller, then co-director of the Liver Cancer Center at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. Geller says he was skeptical at first.

Then Dr. Steven Curley got on board. Curley is a professor of surgical oncology at M.D. Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, rated No. 1 in cancer treatment by U.S. News and World Report for four of the past six years.

Curley already had been working with radio frequency treatment methods for cancer, and was part of the effort that led to U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval for radio frequency ablation, a treatment that works by using a needle-like probe into — or next to — a cancerous tumor. Radio energy from the needle kills the cancer cells — but sometimes can harm surrounding tissue.

Radio frequency ablation has not been effective on more difficult-to-reach tumors, nor does it have an effect on a cancer that has metastasized, or spread to other parts of the body. And Curley’s method, one of four similar ways of using superheated probes on cancer cells, still required a device to be inserted, and then heated.

The key ingredient in the Kanzius innovation are nanoparticles — pieces of metal so small that 75,000 to 100,000 of them can fit across the tip of a human hair. They are introduced into the body where the cancer lives, and then the machine ignites them to cell-killing temperatures.

For the very first experiments, Kanzius and Curley went to Nobel laureate Rick Smalley for the nanoparticles. Smalley was skeptical that the process would work, but became a believer after the nanoparticles successfully burned when activated by the machine. And on his deathbed in October of 2005, Smalley reportedly asked Curley to promise the research would continue.

And it has.

Every experiment by researchers has led them closer to clinical trials in humans, which the researchers believe could occur in three to five years. Early experiments have demonstrated that cancer cells paired with nanoparticles can be destroyed, while leaving nearby healthy cells intact.

In an important experiment performed by Curley, pancreatic cancer cells and liver cancer cells were combined with nanoparticles in petri dishes, and then exposed to the radio frequency waves created by Kanzius’ machine. The successful results were presented in January of 2007 at a conference of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

Then the researchers tested the theory on animals: Both Curley and Geller have reported success in destroying cancerous tumors in lab animals — using Kanzius’ machine and nanoparticles.

Curley’s success with tumors in rabbits was published in October of last year in Cancer, a medical oncology journal published by the American Cancer Society. Geller’s success treating cancerous cells in rats is expected to be published in August.

All are hopeful signs. But these breakthroughs have only worked on tumors, not cancer that has spread throughout the body.

The next step is to get the nanoparticles to hitch a ride on the body’s disease-fighting antibody cells right to the cancer, no matter where it is hiding. Patients would take a pill, or be injected with a nanoparticle-antibody cocktail. The microscopic metallic particles could then be zapped by Kanzius’ harmless radio field. The waves would kill the cancer cells in seconds — or at least that’s the hope.

“In this whole process, that’s considered the holy grail,” Kanzius says. “To go after the specific metastasized cells.”

Geller explains it this way: “Lung, breast, colon and prostate — none of those patients die of their primary (cancer), they die from metastasis.”

But before anyone gets too excited, Kanzius offers this caveat: If the research leads to treatment in humans, it won’t necessarily mean cancer is cured. Kanzius says that many types of cancer, after being destroyed, can regenerate. Which may mean that some patients will have to get retreated at regular intervals.

Kanzius remembers the call he received from Curley when his experiments first showed that cancerous tumors could be destroyed in laboratory animals. That was around Christmas of 2006, he says.

“That was a big day for him and he called me right after he got the results,” Kanzius says. “I was very excited, you know. I told my wife, ‘This is unbelievable. It works.’”

Both Kanzius’ machine and the researchers’ targeting mixtures will enter the FDA approval process at the same time — probably within months. And it probably won’t be difficult to find willing candidates for clinical trials, Kanzius included. But will they occur before cancer takes his life?

Medical communities are starting to warm to the possibilities. Lee Memorial Health System, for example, has signed up to host clinical trials. Dr. Sharon MacDonald, chief officer of the Lee Memorial Health System Foundation and vice president of oncology, calls the targeting treatment “very promising.”

She says that unlike the current limited stock of cancer treatments, Kanzius’ machine wouldn’t require having toxic chemicals, radiation or medical instruments enter the body. She says the new treatment will use non-toxic gold nanoparticles and proven, lab-created antibodies to target the cancer cells.

MacDonald says taking part in early clinical trials will be a good fit for Lee Memorial’s new cancer center being constructed near the intersection of Interstate 75 and Colonial Boulevard in Fort Myers.

“It piqued our interest to be able to be local and be only one of a handful of sites in the nation to be able to participate in a human trial when it comes about,” MacDonald says.

Kanzius, who headed back north to Erie in early May, says he hopes to build a larger version of his machine by August. He says it will allow a person to receive treatment throughout his or her body.

He says his machine is also showing promise in the treatment of like HIV, and could play a role in overcoming future water shortages. For example, if it can remove salt from sea water, the world might have an almost limitless supply of drinking water. Kanzius initially experimented with test tubes full of seawater collected from the canal behind his Florida home, and now research on the theory is progressing at Penn State University.

The possibilities about what the machine might accomplish run rampant. Can it defeat viruses and infections? Heart disease? No research has begun on those hopeful thoughts, but Kanzius has submitted patents for the treatment of other diseases. “One of those viruses could be HIV,” Kanzius says. “The viruses are actually easier to work with than cancer cells,”

Kanzius also says it may be possible to target plaques in arteries.

“It’s exciting knowing that there are other uses out there,” Kanzius says.

But making money isn’t the motivation. Kanzius says he filed numerous patents to protect the machine and the research surrounding it. There will be plenty of money to be made in creating the nanoparticle-antibody cocktails, he says.

But just getting to the finish line is going to be difficult. “The major setback is that the research is very expensive and most of the research that I’ve been doing is because of philanthropic funding,” says researcher Geller.

No big company has stepped in to fund research into Kanzius’ machine, so the money has to come from somewhere else. He’s established the John Kanzius Cancer Research Foundation. Its Web site — www.kanziuscancerresearch.com — has drawn a rash of donations as media reports on the device have spread.

Kanzius is not letting all of this attention go to his head. Being interviewed on “60 Minutes” by Lesley Stahl. Going on the “The Early Show.” Reporters asking for interviews, from around the world.

Most of the media requests go unanswered. His time, he says, is limited.

“I’d be better off building better equipment, concentrating on ways to improve it, than figuring out what flight I’m going to take to be on Oprah Winfrey,” he says.

Even his Sanibel neighbors are interested, and supportive.

During a late April interview for this story, Sanibel resident Candy Scothorn can’t help but interrupt. “Congratulations,” she tells Kanzius. “We’re just very thrilled that you’re here and we’re proud. We greatly appreciate it.”

Scothorn reaches out her hand to be shaken.

“I do it this way,” he tells her, bumping knuckles instead of grasping her hand. It’s one way Kanzius lowers his exposure to germs that might attack his weakened immune system.

“It’s fabulous that he’s a human being. A soul,” adds the 51-year-old Scothorn.

Wife Marianne says it’s her husband’s cancer that keeps him from getting too excited.

“It has humbled both of us, and it’s kept us very grounded. His passion has been working on this project. That has taken most of his energy. How he does it, I don’t know, because I get tired.”

And yet Kanzius keeps going. Waiting for results. Battling cancer. Hanging on.

“‘Til I see it work, you know, (until) I see the first human treated and it works,” he says, “then it will be a day to celebrate and break open the champagne. There’s no need to build yourself up ‘til it gets to where you really want it to.

“There is probably going to be a stem cell transplant eventually,” he says about his own prospects against an unrelenting disease. ”But I’d rather do this than any other. At least I know this will work.”

Source

I note that Kanzius envisions using his radio wave machine to zap viruses, bacteria, and arterial plaque with an appropriately accompanying metal nanoparticle such as gold attached to them. It seems to me that regarding viruses, should NanoViricides include a metal nanoparticle in their virus seeking and attaching micelle-ligand Cide they would have a double barreled attack - 1) From the Cide itself, and 2) From the radiowave heating-destruction involving the metal nanoparticle.

And it must be noted that Kanzius' biggest remaining problem is getting the metal nanoparticle to go to - be attracted to - the virus and attaching itself to the virus - and we HAVE THAT BIT SOLVED ALREADY for our Cide!
*
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Monday, June 2, 2008

(WO/2008/063683) ELECTROMAGNETIC HEATING OF SINGLE WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS AND BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS

Pub. No.:
WO/2008/063683
International Application No.:
PCT/US2007/062916
Publication Date:29.05.2008 International Filing Date:27.02.2007
Chapter 2 Demand Filed: 28.09.2007
IPC: C01B 31/02 (2006.01), A61B 18/12 (2006.01), B01J 19/12 (2006.01)
Applicants:WILLIAM MARSH RICE UNIVERSITY [US/US]; 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005 (US) (All Except US).
MAREK, Irene, M. [US/US]; 3 Stagestop Circle, Houston, TX 77024 (US) (US Only).
SCHMIDT, Howard, K. [US/US]; 20702 Bradford Creek Court, Cypress, TX 77433 (US) (US Only).
KITTRELL, W., Carter [US/US]; 2408 N. Braeswood, No. 315, Houston, TX 77030 (US) (US Only).
HAUGE, Robert, H. [US/US]; 4031 Turnberry Circle, Houston, TX 77025 (US) (US Only).
CHERUKURI, Paul [US/US]; 3800 County Road 94, No. 4304, Mandell, TX 77578 (US) (US Only).
MOORE, Valerie, C. [US/US]; 2255 Braeswood Park Drive, No. 139, Houston, TX 77030 (US) (US Only).
Inventors:SMALLEY, Richard, E..
MAREK, Irene, M. [US/US]; 3 Stagestop Circle, Houston, TX 77024 (US).
SCHMIDT, Howard, K. [US/US]; 20702 Bradford Creek Court, Cypress, TX 77433 (US).
KITTRELL, W., Carter [US/US]; 2408 N. Braeswood, No. 315, Houston, TX 77030 (US).
HAUGE, Robert, H. [US/US]; 4031 Turnberry Circle, Houston, TX 77025 (US).
CHERUKURI, Paul [US/US]; 3800 County Road 94, No. 4304, Mandell, TX 77578 (US).
MOORE, Valerie, C. [US/US]; 2255 Braeswood Park Drive, No. 139, Houston, TX 77030 (US).
Agent:SHADDOX, Robert, C.; Winstead P.C., P.O. Box 50784, Dallas, TX 75201 (US).
Priority Data:
60/777,278
27.02.2006
US
Title: ELECTROMAGNETIC HEATING OF SINGLE WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS AND BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
Abstract:
Disclosed herein is a new application of carbon nanotubes for biological environments. In various embodiments, electromagnetic field coupling of carbon nanotubes induces a local deposition of radio frequency (RF) energy along the nanotube and imparting the capability of RF ablation that can be used to target certain cells, tissues, and/or the like.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0017] In general, various embodiments of the present invention generally relate to methods and systems for the heating a target, such as at least one nanotube wherein the at least one nanotube targets a desired at least one virus, at least one cell, at least one tissue, at least one retrovirus, at least one bacteria, at least one fungus, or component thereof, and/or the like. In an embodiment, a nanotube is injected about the target and radio frequency (RF) radiation is directed at or about the nanotube such that the nanotube is heated, hi various embodiments, the nanotube is heated to a temperature sufficient to kill the target. In alternate embodiment, the nanotube is heated to a temperature sufficient to modify the target, hi alternate embodiment, the nanotube is heated to a temperature sufficient to ablate the target. In general, the sufficient temperature can be any temperature capable of performing the required task.

What is claimed is:
1. A method of treating a target tissue comprising the steps of: a. dispersing at least one nanotube in a solution; b. injecting said solution into a medium containing a target; and, c. applying radio frequency (RF) radiation towards said at least one tube for a sufficient time to at least one of kill said target, ablate said target, modify said target, and/or the like.

Source

Kinda reminds me of Kanzius and his RF treatments for cancer using metals introduced into the cancer cells. He also is involved with CNTs as well but this looks to be the sole property of Rice from this filing. However Kanzius noted in the audio segment in this post that carbon nanotubes are a bit new and not FDA approved for anything in the human body [and suspect as well (asbestos, mesothelioma) - my thoughts!] and as gold nanoparticles have FDA approval already for other uses - Kanzius and his group will employ gold particles in trials to be attached or attracted to the cancer cells whereupon the RF field will heat these and kill the cancer cells.

Sunday, February 24, 2008

Viruses may fight brain tumors

Viruses may be a useful therapeutic arsenal against the most pervasive forms of brain tumors — provided they can be engineered to be safe, a recent study by researchers at the medial school reported this week.

When vesicular stomatitis virus — a lab-created virus distantly related to the rabies viruses — is administered into the bloodstream, it can find its way into the brain and kill deadly brain tumors, the study found.

The finding may have implications for a novel therapeutic technique for treating brain tumors down the line, if the group can perfect the technology and see it through clinical trials, neurosurgery professor Anthony von den Pol said.

Brain tumors, which affect over 200,000 Americans annually, are currently incurable and generally lead to mortality within months. This frightening statistic, coupled with the currently imperfect forms of treatment for the condition, make the discovery potentially groundbreaking, medical school Dean Robert Alpern said.

“The basic idea is that brain tumors in adults are impossible to treat,” he said. “It’s almost guaranteed that if someone is diagnosed with the condition, that they will die. We really need a treatment that is toxic that can selectively enter tumor cells but not normal cells, to cure this.”

In the study, the group transplanted human brain tumors into mice brains and injected the VSV virus into the tail end of the mouse. Three days later, the tumor cells, which had been infected with the virus, were dying or dead, while the normal brain cells had been spared, von den Pol said. Before the technology can go to human trials, he said, the researchers must conduct further tests to be completely certain it will not harm non-cancerous cells.

Existing treatment methods for brain tumors include chemotherapy, radiation and surgery, which work by slowing down the progress of a tumor but are typically unable to eliminate all tumor cells. As a result, regrowth of tumors begins within days, von den Pol said.

“There isn’t any treatment right now that is 100 percent successful,” he said. “There is a possibility that a virus can go into the brain and infect one tumor cell and then create thousands of virus particles that then go on to infect other tumor cells. So the virus can potentially act as a self-amplifying anti-cancer agent.”

The shortcomings of current therapy options reflect the invasiveness of brain tumors, which divide rapidly and migrate around the host brain. This mobility makes it difficult for existing procedures to find and remove all cancerous cells, von den Pol said. Chemical methods, he said, such as drug administration, have traditionally proven to be inadequate, since the brain contains a blood-brain barrier that restricts the entry of numerous substances.

The viral approach to cancer treatment is not new, although it is the first time a viral candidate of this level of promise has been isolated, Guido Wollmann, a co-author on the study, said. Scientists have been testing the technique for several decades, but earlier experiments used viruses that only infected particular tumor cells, Wollman said.

Wollmann said that this technique fails because brain tumors are composed of many different types of tumor cells, and these individual cells mutate at a rapid rate over the course of the disease, leading to increased heretogeneity over time.

“If you are very specific in your target, you actually limit yourself a lot,” he said. “That’s where we came in, to find a virus that has a much broader spectrum of infection — which, in theory, in capability to get into every cell.”

But in reality, the VSV never enters normal body cells, Wollman said. Viruses can be fought off by normal cells, which have defense mechanisms — which tumor cells lack — that curb the process of infection. This gives the virus the ability to distinguish between normal and cancerous cells, and selectively kill tumor growth, he explained.

The lab is currently engaged in finding ways to make the technology safer in humans. Von den Pol said the challenge is now to eliminate the probability of the virus’ infecting non-tumor cells — a process that can be engineered by genetic mutations, additions and deletions — while still retaining its ability to infect viral cells.

http://www.yaledailynews.com/articles/view/23721

Thursday, January 31, 2008

Cancer/Viruses/Immunity

Researchers have found that mice with a tumor treated with a viral cancer killer not only have the tumor cured but months later when injected with another tumor have the ability to fight off the tumor themselves - their immune system does so on its own, without any need for more virus cancer tumor killer.

Cancer Vaccine

The procedure used in this study triggered an immune response to cancer cells, which means that it could be used as a cancer vaccine to prevent recurrence.

"We show that if you kill tumor cells directly in the tumor itself, you can get a weak immunity against the tumor, but if you use this virus to kill tumor cells in the lymph nodes, you get a higher immunity against the tumor," Dr. Vile says.
Link


Makes me wonder if that same learning experience by the immune system would be in play with a viricide treatment for any particular virus such as those under development by Nanoviricides who have viricides which can kill viruses. Perhaps when a flu virus of a particular kind is killed by the viricide the immune system is trained, somehow, to fight off any future viral infection of that particular flu bug without the need for more viricide itself - in effect a vaccine is created in the first instance of treatment.

It is thus envisioned that a vaccine could be created in a healthy person by first giving them the viral infection - then treating it with the viricide, killing it off and thereby providing a long lasting immunity - a vaccination, in effect.

Refs:
John Bell
The promise of viral therapies
Scientists use virus to wipe out cancer cells